The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern

The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern Features

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The issue remained intractable until Blaise Pascal wrote to Pierre de Fermat in 1654, outlining a solution to the “unfinished game” problem: how do you divide the pot when players are forced to end a game of dice before someone has won? The idea turned out to be far more seminal than Pascal realized. From it, the two men developed the method known today as probability theory.

In The Unfinished Game, mathematician and NPR commentator Keith Devlin tells the story of this correspondence and its remarkable impact on the modern world: from insurance rates, to housing and job markets, to the safety of cars and planes, calculating probabilities allowed people, for the first time, to think rationally about how future events might unfold.

What Customers Say About The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern:

One of the reviewers said that the Kindle version of this book was hard to read. However, I had no problems at all with the Kindle version. I also really enjoyed the book. It is a short but fascinating glimpse into the history of probability.

Mathematician Keith Devlin presents The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern, the true story of how Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat exchanged a series of meticulous letters in the 1600's that would lay the groundwork for modern probability theory, used today in everything from the insurance industry to job markets and safety evaluations of cars and planes. Even though The Unfinished Game addresses mathematical concepts, the text strives to be accessible to readers of all backgrounds. The astounding true story of how revolutionary scientific concepts were born unfolds. Highly recommended, especially for public and college library collections.

I saw the book in the bookstore and got my sample for Kindle. I found it too tough to read on kindle because the text was fuzzy and the font indistinct. I'll wait for it to come out in paperback.

It is a pleasent book to read, especially for those interested in probability theory. I would have liked the author writing more about stochastic simulation. This is a technique which solves problems which mathematicas cannot solve, and has only come of age in recent years with speedy PCs.

There is still randomness; no one knows exactly what tomorrow will bring. We take predictions about the weather, and stocks, and countless other things for granted, but that we can predict the future and take such predictions seriously represents a philosophical shift based on pure and applied mathematics. Devlin's clearly-written and entertaining book, however, shows that the intellectual effort of two mathematical giants enabled us to quantify what might happen, and to plan accordingly. Engineers can calculate risk of bridges or airplanes falling down.

A couple of decades ago, this changed, and the weatherman started giving us percentage chances of rain. That was it; you had his prediction, and he turned out either to be wrong or right. In _The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter That Made the World Modern_ (Basic Books), Devlin has given a quick history of the beginning of probability theory, and more important, has shown how the mathematics was done and how it really did change everyone's outlook on the way the world works. The problem is not complicated (looking back on it)., but it required subtle reasoning.

What they were laying down, though, was the basics of risk management, and directly because of their correspondence, people started behaving in different ways. Keith Devlin wants us non-mathematicians to understand how important this shift was, and how it got started from a letter from one mathematician to another written on 24 August 1654. Devlin, well known as "The Math Guy" on National Public Radio who tries to make complicated mathematical ideas understandable for the rest of us, does much the same thing here, making complicated and sometimes counterintuitive mathematical themes understandable, and even more important, relevant.Before the letter, Devlin says, scholars and even leading mathematicians believed that any attempt to predict the likelihood of future events was futile; the future was known by God alone. Gamblers would particularly have liked to have predicted the future, and Pascal and Fermat were taking on a gambling problem: Two players are betting on a game in which they are going to toss a coin five times, and the one who calls the most tosses correctly wins a pot. Many years ago, I can remember that the weatherman on television would give us a forecast for the next day, and he'd make his blunt prediction that it was going to rain or shine.

At no point did they attempt to solve the problem empirically, tossing coins for many simulated games to find out how often each outcome might happen; this was an effort of pure mathematics, applied to a real-world problem.Neither Pascal nor Fermat could have known how real-world it was. For them it was a puzzle, a bit of mathematics inspired by gambling. Within only a few decades, the solution to the unfinished game was being applied to life-expectancy calculations, and the business of selling life annuities began. Such calculations and such businesses are still going on, with insurance being sold on far more than just people's lives. How should they divide the pot. If he says there is a ninety percent chance of rain, you make your decision accordingly about whether to take the umbrella, and if it doesn't rain, the weatherman wasn't wrong; it was just that other ten percent chance creeping through. Quantifying risks means that investors can calculate expected gain, or that pharmaceutical companies can compare different drugs.

What happens if the game gets interrupted before the fifth toss. It is a matter of examining the possible outcomes, figuring the odds of each, calculating the chance each player would have had of winning if the game had continued, and dividing the pot according to their respective odds. And of course, back to gambling, casinos know just how much they can expect to make for every dollar wagered, and they can mathematically plan on that outcome. The future would never be the same.